Espousing the third theory as to how time works in participles, Picirilli maintains that participles never communicate time (even relative time) but that the time of the participle can only be determined by context. Nevertheless, his analysis of the adverbial participles in the Gospels of Mark and Luke, however, demonstrates a fairly consistent pattern: about 80 percent of aorist adverbial participles precede the action of the main verb and about 90 percent of present adverbial participles are contemporaneous